I harvested more than on June 19, but I used about the same amount of water when I processed it. This led to a super-concentrated batch, which of course led to new discoveries. More on that later in the post.

I decided after adding the wood ash (to bring the PH up to 10) but before pouring it back and forth between the buckets (to oxygenate) to dye a bamboo rayon scarf. As is usual with both woad and indigo, when the vat is reduced (low oxygen) it’s a deep green, and so is the fabric when you first pull it out. But then when exposed to air (oxygen) it turns a true blue. In the case of fresh woad leaves like I was using, there is a significant amount of fugitive yellow in the leaves; and when I dyed the scarf, I had done nothing to get rid of that yellow. In any case-the scarf ended up a really lovely blue; so lovely it’s tempting to just keep it as is. But of course I’m curious about what if…I’ll get to that later. But now onto getting rid of the fugitive yellow. ​

After dyeing the scarf, I did the pouring back and forth to oxygenate the infusion of woad leaves (I had already taken the leaves out, it’s like making tea.) Woad and indigo are actually pigments, that is, a solid; dye penetrates fiber, indigo and woad coat the fiber. When I used a higher water-to-woad ratio to make the “tea,” (see my last post) the heavier, solid pigment sank to the bottom, and the yellow liquid could be scooped or siphoned off the top. But this batch was SO PIGMENT HEAVY that the pigment didn’t settle at all-even after sitting overnight! ​

I just went ahead and tried to strain it; normally, again, the yellow goes through the cloth and the blue pigment gets trapped on top of the filter cloth. But the  “waste” water after I strained the liquid (first photo at the top of this post) was not yellow-it was  really  dark. Obviously there was a lot of pigment left, so I strained the “waste” water a second time. Sure enough, this second straining captured plenty more pigment on top of the cloth. Doing a more concentrated batch seems to be a great way to avoid lifting larger, heavier buckets! However, it means that the pigment won’t settle, and has to be strained at least twice. 

The weird thing was just how easy it seemed. I would compare it to making dinner; it took effort, yes, but it wasn’t like it sucked up the whole day, just one smallish part of a normal day. (If you want to see the whole process, reference this blog post.not-what-youre-supposed-to-harvest-in-october.html) I used less than 500 grams (about a pound) of fresh woad leaves. The first step is like making tea; you don’t boil the leaves, you pour the water onto the leaves and let them steep. You’re supposed to weight the leaves down, so they are surrounded by water during the steeping; I’ve used bricks inside of tupperware and all kinds of crazy things to try to do this, but last night’s innovation was I just stuck my tea kettle (with water in it for weight) on top and it was so easy! The kettle of course has a handle, so it was easy to lift the kettle and stir occasionally. O.K., not exactly earth-shattering but when you do something enough times, all these little discoveries and refinements help to streamline the process, and make it easier. ​

What I’ve read is that Woad should be planted in March, and harvested at its peak in July. Well, I din’t plant this year until June and July, and didn’t have a chance to harvest until this week, in mid-October. 

I was able to draw on all my experience. First, I only bothered with the best leaves. The new, not so big and not so small deep green ones. I ignored the temptation of those huge leaves-by the time they get that big, I have discovered through eco-prints (see my Where is the Woad post) that they don’t have enough pigment to bother with them. I didn’t pick that much, because I wanted to try one new thing-a different source of alkali, namely water soaked in the wood ash from the NCC East 40 kiln. I soaked the ash nearly a year ago, and wasn’t sure if it would lose any of its power in that time. 

There were so few leaves they looked lonely in the bottom of my smallest dye pot. But they yielded enough pigment to show that the leaves have plenty of pigment in them right now-and that I've got my process worked out. 

Here’s a summary of the process: 

1. Pour near boiling water over the fresh leaves and let steep for 15 minutes.
2. After 15 minutes, I mashed the leaves with a wooden spatula and stirred until the liquid was a transparent rust color. Other people have described it as sherry colored, but mine was more orange than red.
3. Strain out the leaves, squeezing as much liquid out of them as possible.
4. Pour the liquid from one container to another 20 pours, to begin oxygenating.
5. Pour in some alkali-I used the clear liquid of water that had been soaked in wood ash for weeks. The color immediately darkened significantly. 
6. Aerate (pouring back and forth from dye pot to in my case a clean bucket) until you see the froth turn blue. I used a white bucket; that made it much easier to see the froth color. The liquid at this point was deep emerald green.
7. Pour into a strainer with a cloth in it. At first, the weave of the cloth is open and so some of the precious woad particles will get through. Look at the color of the liquid that has drained through the cloth; if it’s greenish, pour it through the cloth again. 
8. After the liquid has gone through the cloth (this can take hours!) there should be yellow liquid that has been strained out-you can throw this away. What is left in the cloth is your pigment! I spread it onto a sheet of glass so it can dry out, then scrape the dried powder into a jar. 

In powdered form, the pigment can last indefinitely. You can use it in a reduction vat the same as indigo-woad has the same active ingredient as indigo. Or, you can make paint out of it. 

Where is the woad pigment in the plant? The pat answer I’ve heard is “in the leaves.” Not always, I just discovered. 

In one of the Michel Garcia DVD’s I bought, he makes prints from woad by simply mashing the leaves into cloth with a hammer. He then washed the cloth with a neutral dishwashing liquid (Dawn) and the non-permanent green washed out, leaving a print where the blue pigment was visible. I tried it, and realized the implications almost immediately. The pigment isn’t where I thought it was. I had been harvesting the huge outer leaves, with the idea to give the new leaves room to grow. While that pruning approach worked to make the plants grow like weeds, I had a hard time getting pigment. Here’s that first print.

You can see, that the blue is NOT in the big leaves or the stems-there are only the faintest traces of blue in the big leaves. In fact, another print made at the same time as this one, was left outside in the sun and rain. The green vanished completely, but the blue stayed. The blue-the desirable pigment we get from woad-is very stable over centuries, as the Unicorn Tapestries etc. clearly show. The other stuff in the woad “goes away” with the action of water and sun-and that is something I was able to put to good use, more on that later. The point is, the light green you see in the photo above is NOT the pigment, and will vanish. The blue is what I’m looking for. And I didn’t find it in the big leaves-it was far more concentrated in the small leaves!
​
I want to do these woad leave prints on a regular basis to track where the pigment is-and when. On February 14 this year (2023) I made another print. I made the print in a slightly different way, so as not to use up so much of the bamboo rayon fabric; instead of folding the fabric in half and the leaves in the middle, I put paper on one side and fabric on the other. I also used a smoother surface underneath them, with the idea of not losing any of the print to the “valleys” of the concrete block I had used for the first print. The cloth side was blurry and harder to see than the paper side, so in the photo below you see the leaves arranged on top, and the print on the paper below. The print wasn’t as good overall as the one from summer, so maybe the rough concrete block was better?

Another surprise-the pigment had left the leaves, but was now in the stems! In summer, it was the opposite. Not only that, it was the larger leaves with the thicker stems that had the pigment, not the smaller leaves. So apparently in the colder weather, while the woad does not go brown and dormant or die like most plants here in Pennsylvania over the winter, the pigment in the plant moves around. So if I want to harvest pigment in winter, do what I mistakenly did in summer, and use the larger leaves! Interesting.

I had heard that once the plant looks purple, the pigment is destroyed. Yesterday I picked a selection that was purple in various places. Since I was at home and didn’t have a concrete block, I used one of the concrete steps to my house. The result was terrible, sorry, it makes the photo very hard to “read.” But if you look closely enough, there is no real blue, only purple and green, both of which are fugitive. Every source says the purple leaves are ruined for pigment production, and my own test confirms this.

My residency at the NCC East 40 began on June 1, so I didn’t get to plant the woad until a few days into June last year. This year I plan to sow in March as is considered optimum. Woad needs wet to germinate, and isn’t much bothered by cold. That’s next month! Now that I have the eco-print test (mashing the plant onto cloth and/or paper) I plan to do it both on the 2023 crop and the 2022 crop, to see how much pigment is where when! This will give me much more specific information than I have been able to find in any source. 

Finally, there was another huge “Aha!” moment that I had inspired from the eco-print process; I can use sunlight as well as water to help get rid of the impurities. Last summer I was processing a large batch of woad leaves that I later learned low pigment content from doing that first eco print. I could tell there was pigment, but there was also a lot of the fugitive yellow that I needed to get out. I did what Garcia showed in his DVD, which is to wash the pigment. You use a fine mesh cloth to catch the pigment, but the fugitive yellow is soluble in water and gets washed through. Every time I rinsed, the pigment got less green looking (from the fugitive yellow) and more blue. But after a half-dozen washings, and all that waiting for the liquid to go through the cloth to the bucket below, I got frankly tired of my kitchen being a mass of buckets and strainers. I dried out the pigment, put it in glass, and put it in the window that gets the most sun. I shake up the little jar periodically, and it continues to improve, at this point I’ve actually used a little in in some paintings. Now that the eco prints are helping me to understand what to harvest when, I won’t have to deal with such an annoying batch again!

The hard thing about imaginary landscapes on clay (see my first post on these) is that it’s so difficult to know when they are “done.” The interaction of translucent paint over the texture of the clay slabs can look so good in the early stages that it’s hard to know if any more is needed. I showed two paintings in the ESU Faculty show this fall that were minimally worked, but I’ve decided to add more to both of them because while I liked them from close up, from a distance they weren’t reading very well. And, as I had worked more and more into other paintings while those two were out of the studio in the faculty show, I decided I liked more layering. My fear had been that the more layers of paint, the less the clay would play an integral role in the painting. But after adding a lot of layers on some of the paintings I realized that the “clay-ness” of the pieces was still playing a big role in the work. 

I need to take more photos, but, here are a few paintings as they are at the moment-the paintings’ progress. 

The primitive and labor-intensive processes of growing dye plants, making natural dye, making pigments including from the natural dye, making paints from the pigments and making clay structures to paint them on took up the bulk of this summer’s residency. Now I’m finally using all those materials! 

Around August first, I started using only oil paint I had made in the residency on the clay slabs, and then tried out the watercolor to tint a pencil drawing I had made of something (I’m not sure what kind of plant it is) growing in the community garden.

After only 3 days of painting, it was pretty clear what was missing; a true brighter, lighter yellow  and a more opaque white. Throughout history, from cave painting onwards, many artists have done amazing work with very restricted palettes such as brown, black and white. The most restrained color palettes, especially monochrome, nearly always use white. Problem is, modern artist paints generally use metals for white. Historically and to this day lead white was used, now mostly titanium and some zinc are used for white. The processes to make the metal paints are just not something I’m NOT going to get into, because of how involved they are, the equipment needed and how potentially toxic it can be. I first tried chalk from champagne, France-a natural white material I had on hand because it was used in the pastel and gouache paints I made. I quickly learned why chalk is used to make pastel and gouache-it’s almost transparent. If you add chalk to a paint or pastel, it changes the texture and working properties, but what you see is not so much the chalk but whatever the pigment’s color-blue, red, yellow etc. The chalk just wasn’t opaque enough. Making my own set of paints, and using them, has given me an appreciation of what is essential and what isn’t. I'm using far fewer colors, and it's frankly pretty interesting how far these few homemade paints can go. 

I plan to solve the white dilemma with white clay for white. I know white clay used to be mined from this area, and hopefully I’ll eventually be able to find some local white clay. With the residency over and fall classes almost here, I’m going to cry uncle and “cheat” with some commercially made white until I can make a white from clay. 

When it comes to the true yellow, I’m confident I can do this myself with natural, local materials. I have some dried weld that Marla grew for me in her dye garden, and weld is one of those dye plants that was historically used to make lake pigments. I’ve made lake pigments before, and I’m hoping to just make do with the garden gold until I can make pigment from the weld. At this point I haven’t cheated and used any commercially made yellow paint.

I’m really enjoying exploring the imaginary landscape idea with my homemade natural paints on the clay slabs. I work on a bunch at a time, working on each a little each day, building up the colors. I do of course mix the colors, but I also use layers of translucent paint, where one layer is dry before I add the next layer. The layers are thin so I don’t lose the texture and properties of the clay slabs. The weight of the clay, the physicality is important. They are not images on a “blank” white picture plane. I’m not trying to illustrate a landscape, but to allude to one. 

It’s hard to know when these paintings are “done.” I put two in the ESU faculty show that are so minimal that it was hard for me to accept they were finished. The show opens the first day of the semester, August 29, at the Dunning Gallery on NCC’s Monroe campus. There are paintings in progress in my studio that already have much more paint on them than the two in the show, but they are not “done” yet because to me they just aren’t doing everything they need to do as a painting. When a painting gets to a point where it doesn’t need anything-where if you did anything more it would make it worse-it’s done. The art is figuring out when you are at that point! 

I planted woad the first day of my 2022 summer residency, see the mother woad, and made another post about the woad balls I made, which preserve the leaves for use in later dye pots. Woad also has a long history as a pigment, for example in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, so I was keen to harvest some of the woad I planted, which is already in peak harvest season. In fact, if you don’t harvest the woad, the leaves underneath don’t get enough light and air and shrivel up and die. Woad likes to get harvested every week or two in peak season, and just grows back vigorously.

The next step is oxygenating, and bringing the PH up to 9 with Pickling lime. That’s when you should start to see a blue froth, and if you oxygenate long enough, the froth goes away and then you let it settle for a couple hours, and the pigment sinks to the bottom. Or at least that’s how it’s supposed to work. Spoiler alert, spectacular failure is in the title of this blog post. ​

​My liquid turned bright orange, no matter how much I oxygenated, and boy did I oxygenate. Zero pigment formed. Undeterred, I went home and bought streaming access to the first Michel Garcia dye workshop-the only one that I didn’t own because I couldn’t buy it as a DVD. In the first workshop, he used woad, not indigo. The steeping time for the leaves in the hot water is 15 minutes for woad, not 2-3 hours. Oops. 

The next day, August 9. was the last day of my residency, and I went out to the garden and picked more woad. Since I had harvested so much the previous day, and had such a spectacular failure and wasted all of it, I only picked a fraction of the amount from the day before. I took comfort at how fast woad grows, and that I could tinker with smaller batches until I got it right. 

Doing a madder dye pot is something of a long term commitment! There is so much you can get out of it, if you do everything just right. Madder is a plant, the dye color comes from the root, and you can’t harvest the root until the plant is at least 3 years old. 

The root from the madder plant can make my favorite color in the world-a rich, warm dark red. Madder can also make orange, pink-or brown if the temperature gets too high. The leftovers from the dye bath can be precipitated into a solid pigment (see my 4/29/22 post “Don’t Jump in this Lake”) from which can be made pretty much any kind of paint-oil, watercolor, gouache, pastel, egg tempera etc. The ancient Egyptians used it, the Greeks and Romans used it, it was very popular in the middle ages, Renaissance…and some version of “Madder Lake” or “Rose Madder” has been in my paint box from when I started painting many moons ago until now. All of the above-from antiquity to me-used madder both to dye fiber/fabric and to make paint.

You need a lot of madder to get the strong red that’s my favorite color. I’ve had a beige (what was I thinking-me-beige???) sweater, ramie and cotton, for literally decades. One of the reasons I never wear it out is that I don’t wear it much. It fits great. It’s comfortable. But…I’m just not a beige sort of person. I decided that in this dye pot, I would solve two problems; the beige sweater, and getting a rich red on cellulose, which would be for example cotton, linen, hemp bamboo etc., that is vegetable and not an animal fiber like wool. Wool soaks up madder like a sponge, think of the wool Persian carpet reds, they historically used madder for those. But I have repeatedly failed to get a decent red on cotton. I have to admit, if I ever wanted something in pink, the pink from madder is really lovely. But I don’t want pink, I want that deep intense red. So, this time, I pre-treated my sweater and other cellulose fibers with oak galls; anything with a high tannin content would do, but oak galls are as good as it gets with a natural tannin. Black tea has tannin, pomegranate skins have tannin, so does the oak leaves, bark and other parts, but the galls-the tree’s defense agains a wasp-have more concentrated tannin that doesn’t discolor as much, or at least that’s what I’ve read. In fact, when I pre-treated with the oak galls it turned the fabric tan. BUT-I finally got good reds from cellulose! Look at the swatches! I tried several fabrics both with and without the tannin pre-treatment, and the results speak for themselves. And the sweater is now a lovely color-I can’t wait until it’s less than 90 degrees and 100 percent humidity to wear it.

It’s not unusual to keep a madder dye pot going for a week or more. You bring the temperature up to 150-160 degrees F. for 10 minutes to an hour, then let the fabric sit in the warm pot, day after day, until it gets to the depth of color you want. At a certain point, the fabrics just don’t get darker. At that point, there are choices. You can get lighter colors, you can add something acidic to get orange-or you can make the leftovers into a pigment. I didn’t have things I wanted to dye rose or orange, so I made a lake pigment. I’m very curious to see how the color will compare to the lake pigment I made this past winter. 

But wait, this is madder, so that’s not it. I strained the roots out of the dye pot before I made the lake pigment. Today, 11 days after I first began working with those roots, I put them in fresh water and started a new dye pot. Like I said, madder is a long-term commitment. Too long for one blog post, I’ll have to post again to let you know what happened with round two of madder dye pot #8. I keep a “dye-ary” of all my dye pots, and so I know that yes, this is the 8th madder dye pot I’ve done so far.